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Understanding the Fire Alarm Control Panel: What It Shows and How It Works

The Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) forms the crux of any fire alarm system as it facilitates monitoring, alerting, and action during a fire emergency. Familiarity with the functioning of the panel and the information displayed therein is crucial for safeguarding the space, which promotes quick response for compliance with the fire code. This paper will shed light on the basic workings of the control panel, mainly its functions of receiving raw information from detection devices and issuing notifications for alerts. This paper will provide a comprehensive overview of the general workings of the fire alarm control panel and its usefulness in protecting life and property for facility managers, safety officers, and fire alarm control systems enthusiasts.

Contents show

What Information Does a Fire Alarm Control Panel Display?

What Information Does a Fire Alarm Control Panel Display?

The control panel of a fire alarm system has key functions since it serves as the interface of the system that displays information about the status, integration of smoke control measures, and activation of firefighting alarms.

  • Alarm Condition: It indicates the engagement of the detection system, the point of engagement, and the engagement zone.
  • Trouble Signals: Warns the users about system failure, such as a wiring problem, power supply failure, or device failure.
  • Supervisory / Condition Signals: Reports a condition that requires monitoring, such as changes in the configuration of the sprinkles system or other components.
  • Status of System Power: Provides information on the primary and secondary power supplies that keep the system running.
  • Silencing or Reset Indicators: Inform about activities related to systems that have been temporarily switched off or reset after an event.

These details are meant to give a full understanding of the operational status of the system and hence in order to be able to make necessary interventions to avert the risk.

Common Alarm Indicators on the Panel

  • Fire Alarms: Heat, smoke, or fire has been detected, which means evacuation or further examination needs to be performed.
  • Low Battery Alarm: It means the backup battery is empty or running low, requiring a replacement or charging.
  • System Fault: It indicates that there has been some faults in the system or it has not been hooked correctly for example, damaged wires and/or sensors.
  • Communication Interruption: This means there is some communication interruption between the panel and the monitors.
  • Test Mode Active: This means that normal monitoring has been disabled since the system is currently being worked on or has entered a test mode.

These indicators are especially useful in performing damages quickly and efficiently while keeping the system’s integrity intact.

Understanding the Trouble Signal

A trouble signal is a notification showing system faults with the user alarm without designating it as an alarm condition. Problems when defining a trouble signal include lack of power supply, connection, or part failures. The first method to deal with the trouble signal is to check the system manually, turn the system on and off, and look at the indicator. In case the issue is still unrepaired, you are advised to reach out to a technician for the treatment of the problem and the efficient functioning of the system.

How the Fire Alarm System Notifies Occupants

Modern fire alarm systems incorporate all the necessary information that would automatically be triggered during a fire or any other emergency. The system has audio-visual components integrated for almost any kind of environment and disability.

For instance, Michielsen (2003) argues that audible alerts include sirens, horns, or recorded voice announcements that are played at greater than 85 decibels at 10 feet. This is extremely useful when an individual is shouting to ensure the speaker is heard from the panel. High-rise establishments and larger structures may have a voice evaporator along with the Siren feature, which acts like an automated message directing the occupants to follow a specific path to the exits.

Flashlights are strobe lights that emit bright flashes, usually fixed in places where they are likely to get more attention and are very important for the deaf. Furthermore, the NFPA 72 has set a standard to which strobe lights are to be manufactured, that is, from one to two flashes a second.

Some articles introduce tactile notifications, such as vibrating devices, as an alternative form of communication for those who may be hard of hearing or have poor vision. Smartphones and wireless communication systems have become more popular, allowing notifications to be sent quickly with accompanying instructions to flee the site if needed.

These systems’ effectiveness is contingent upon the placement and upkeep of the alarm devices. Ensuring that the system functions when needed the most can be achieved through routine inspections and checks, abiding by the local fire code, and replacing outdated models occasionally.

How Does a Fire Alarm System Operate in Large Buildings?

How Does a Fire Alarm System Operate in Large Buildings?

The Role of the Fire Panel in Safety

The panel of these systems is commonly referred to as the fire alarm control panel (FACP), and its purpose is to collect information and integrate all components of the fire alarm system. In case of a dangerous event, it sends or processes signals. It is then analyzed using the control circuitry of smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual call points to set up an alarm. These detectors send a signal after the alarm has been triggered. They send alerts to the relevant authorities and go as far as liaising with the building systems to turn off the HVAC system to stop or reduce the spread of smoke.

Fire monitors are now issued with such features as being able to network and program, allowing for easy interfacing with other systems within the building. Networked fire panels, for instance, permit the detection of where exactly a triggered detector has been positioned, thereby reducing the time the firefighters get to the blaze. Studies suggest that relocation of the occupants is made faster by the automated systems and programmable fire panels, resulting in a cut in the removal time by up to 30%.

Furthermore, a number of fire panels make provision for remote monitoring and diagnostic, giving facility managers real-time updates on system status and alerting them to issues of maintenance long before they become urgent, which is important for the proper installation of the system. Moreover, advanced risk assessment tools can be found in newer models, as their capabilities to analyze data and be compliant with the industry’s dependence have been significantly enhanced. Such characteristics, combined with enhanced performance, make the fire panel an important component of any integrated strategy for fire prevention in large buildings.

Integrating with Sprinkler Systems and Smoke Detectors

The ability to integrate fire panels with appropriate sprinklers and smoke detectors improves the effectiveness of the whole fire protection system because all of them are coordinated during the operation. In this manner, fire panels are set up to act as the command center that stays alerted by signals from smoke detectors and automatically turns the sprinkler technology on if fires are detected. This integration permits the ignition to be extinguished and the occupants and services to be notified instantaneously. By enhancing communication between these devices, buildings increase their fire defense capabilities and minimize the time needed to respond to threats.

Communication with the Fire Department

In emergencies, especially during fires, strong communication with the fire department is key for facilitating efficient and organized actions. Today’s fire protection equipment has automated notification technology that automatically sends the fire department detailed information about the incident. This information may contain the address of the site, smoke, heat, gas, or any other type of risk detected, and the use of active safety measures such as sprinklers or alarms.

Experts in fire safety point out that reducing the lag time in contacting the necessary services helps reduce the total time taken by how much in certain circumstances? For instance, modern fire alarm systems with direct operational lines can alert fires within a minute, which is essential in curbing the spread of the fire. In addition, many buildings have now installed two-way systems, which allow information and orders to be relayed from building security to firefighters both in the facility and outside in real time.

Similarly, with the introduction of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, emergency personnel are now provided with a map of the affected area, which enables them to devise methods on which side to approach or which areas would need more resources. Newer reports within the industry have indicated that the integration of smoke control technologies within fire prevention systems is estimated to enhance performance during emergencies by 30 to 40 percent.

Such developments demonstrate the need to employ the latest technology in the process of facilitating and improving interactions with fire units in a bid to prevent loss to life and property..

What are the Key Components of a Fire Alarm System?

Main Features of a Conventional Fire Alarm Control Panel

A standard panel type will control the fire alarm system by zoning the area requiring protection and monitoring each zone for fire reports. I can verify that manual call points for the public, smoke detectors, heat detectors, and sounders that alert the population are usually buttons in these panels. One of the major features is their clarity and inexpensive cost, which allows them to be used in small-sized structures. However, the auxiliary devices allow me to identify the activated alarm’s approximate location (zone) but not the precise location, which is very important in sending a precise message to the fire service.

Functions of Notification Appliances

The role of notification appliances in fire alarm systems is very important since these devices include audiovisual or tactile means for notifying building occupants of an emergency. I understand that these devices comprise horns, strobes, and speakers, which also enable effective communication in cases when a person has a hearing or a visual impairment. Their main function is to increase the residents’ safety level by notifying them in due course and allowing them to exit the building.

Understanding Supervisory Signals

In a fire alarm system, supervisory signals show the condition of some devices that did not pose a hazard, such as unattended sprinkler faults, valve faults, and other control faults. These signals ensure that if there is such a malfunction or abnormal condition, it is corrected almost instantly to maintain the efficiency and dependability of the system. Supervisory signals, in fact, assist in creating, monitoring, and averting non-emergency component breakdowns and continuous readiness for action.

How Can False Alarms Be Prevented?

How Can False Alarms Be Prevented?

Common Causes of False Alarms

Fire alarms may go off without cause in the case of systems breaking down, usage malpractices, or certain kinds of environmental factors. Avoidable factors can be lessened in order to bring about a decrease in false alarms, while fully grasping the context can help mitigate future occurrences of false alarms. The following issues form the basis of the causes of false alarms being the most common:

Smoke Detectors – Errors in Crumbs & Patches Detection

Crumbs and patches with lean maintenance smoke detectors regularly contribute to false alarms; being poorly maintained or aged, modern components go haywire erratically, which is where regular system maintenance and monitoring come in. Unchecked system maintenance can lead to the accumulation of dust or even poor wiring, leading to false signals.

Interference Due To Environmental Projection

Environmental variables such as high humidity, excessive dust, or steam can activate the alarm when smoke is not even present. Construction areas, along with kitchens and bathrooms, are more susceptible. For instance, if the environment has certain heaters or shower steam, some of the detectors can mistake the steam for smoke.

Significant errors in the effectiveness of an alarm’s initiation can be blamed on human negligence or response.

According to proper system training, the accidental activation of manual pull stations remains a major issue, alongside incorrect maintenance practices or failure of operators to adequately utilize the system for reasons. False alarms, most of the time, stem from individuals predetermined to activate the system without first being thoroughly instructed on how the system would function. The false signals may also stem from an air vent or heat source that has not been properly placed or from components that were not innovatively assembled to keep the fire alarm’s standards in place. Additionally, the rest of the components, such as the backup battery system, must also be constantly checked to negate any frequency fluctuations that can impede the accuracy of the overall system. And finally as a proactive measure, construction workers should cover detectors with a temporary protective layer as it can be highly beneficial while maintaining the system structure’s integrity.

Key Statistics on False Alarms

Statistics from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) cite that last year (2021), fire departments in the United States attended roughly 2.5 million optimistically overfired callouts – this, it is noted, is around 32% of all US-attended fire alarm events. These are logon to logistics as well as communication systems to enable true activations, hence, these items not only waste operational assets but disturb building/housing residents, this begs urgency for measures to be taken so as to lessen their incidence.

It is possible, by knowing the causes of these false activations and the preventive measures, that building owners and facility managers can enhance the effective, reliable, and efficient functioning of fire alarm systems by fastening the time between false alarms.

Maintenance and Testing of the Fire Alarm Control Unit

To test and ensure the reliability of fire alarm systems, we need to do regular maintenance and testing of the FACU – Fire Alarm Control Unit. It acts as a nodal point in a fire alarm system as it receives inputs from initiating devices like smoke detectors or manual pull devices and controls the output devices such as alarms, strobes or sometimes automated suppression systems.

Maintenance Structure

Weekly Checks: Look for any unusual structural changes on the device by inspecting the casing and ensuring that all lights installed on the device are functioning. Make sure that there are no trouble signals.

Monthly Checks: Execute a functional test that will check the system components, visibility of the alarms, and audibility.

Comprehensive Maintenance: 

Ensure that the standby power supply meets the tests once the battery tests are done.

Make sure devices are operational within ranges that are sensitivity specified.

In this part it is crucial to make sure that the FACU is communicating with all of the devices connected, if it doesn’t then signals would be interrupted.

Statistical Insights

Proper upkeep of alarm systems in buildings is crucial for minimizing any chance of malfunction. The National Fire Protection Associations’ guidelines, as quoted by NFPA 72, also state that regular maintenance of the alarm systems is also vital as certified technicians should conduct them. Moreover, regular tests on the systems should also be held during the year. Emphasis is placed on proper maintenance since there is a significant difference in bias regarding false alarms, a 50% difference to be exact, basing this comparison to systems that have not been properly maintained and working.

Technological Advancements

With the integration of newer fire alarm systems, many features have been introduced such as self-diagnostic capabilities and modules. However, These advancements have optimized the regular maintenance schedule required on regular FACUs – critical components of fire alarm systems – necessitating a switch to active monitoring of devices. These fault signals or alerts allow for real-time monitoring of any impediments in place, saving time and primarily ensuring reduced false alarms due to malfunction.

In doing so, facility managers will have or be able to come up with a comprehensive maintenance and testing strategy to guarantee compliance with codes, extend the lifetime of the control unit, and, most notably, ensure the safety of people within the building.

The Importance of a Fire Protection Professional

In all establishments, the safety and legal compliance of several fire alarm systems is the responsibility of a fire protection professional. S. They have the required licenses and training to install, design, and service fire alarm systems that adhere to codes such as NFPA 72 in the US. Such professionals make building assessments in order to understand the fire risk factors and, thus, bring about solutions that ensure the highest protection, thereby eliminating the extra costs of conventional fire alarm systems.

Another area where the employment of a fire expert is of great value is system optimization and risk analysis. It has been observed that property damage is lessened in facilities that are designed with fire suppressors that are able to control fires at an early stage. M(2006) reports that the chances of self-control occurring increase by 50% compared to the conventional systems. This system aids these specialists in making routine checkups, meeting obligations, and regulating losses that can result in hefty fines and prolonged closure of a facility due to violation of fire codes.

Furthermore, as fire protection experts need to be well-versed with the latest technological advancements, they are constantly on the lookout for new tools to improve fire performance, such as automated notifications in centralized monitoring systems. This article estimates that using intelligent sensors can cut down emergency response time by up to 30% with an engineer monitoring them, which will make the buildings inherently much safer.

This is achieved through extensive training and comprehensive fire emergency plans. Fire protection experts deserve proper training and development as they protect the physical structures and alleviate the concerns of both managers and owners about their properties. They are critical in ensuring the creation of a safe, efficient, and building-compliant environment.

What Happens When a Fire is Detected?

What Happens When a Fire is Detected?

Steps Taken by the Fire Alarm Control Panel

The fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) is designed to be a central unit of a fire alarm system, where it receives input from numerous alarm-initiating devices and responds to a fire occurrence. Various sub-processes that meet specific objectives to guarantee the fast and effective management of the event are the following:

Signal Reception

FACP gets alarm signals from devices, including smoke detectors, heat sensors, and even manual pull stations. These devices are constantly scanning the surroundings for smoke particles, elevated temperatures, or manual activation. Under the new generation FACP, it is possible to connect multi-sensor detectors, which minimizes the number of false alarms and ensures greater accuracy of detection.

Signal Verification and Analysis

When an abnormal situation is verified, the algorithms within the FACP process the evidence. The latest models consider algorithms designed to distinguish between a real fire and natural harmless phenomena like dust clouds or steam ensuring an appropriate signal to the fire response. This capacity for analytical thinking lends itself to unfailing accuracy where responses are concerned, preventing wrongful disruption.

FACP Activation

Considering a fire does exist, it is important to mention that the FACP sends out an audible and/or visual alarm for building occupants. An FACP would ensure that the alarm that it emits meets NFP 72 standards, which are loud and clear. These advanced systems facilitate a recorded message for communicating to avoid misunderstandings that would arise in such an urgent situation.

Reports

It would be useless to report a crime when there is assistance needed. Therefore, the FACP sends reports to the emergency assistance systems and management so they can act quickly. Some systems utilize IP networks for modern communication technology for reliability and prompt delivery of messages. Also, research has shown that automated notifications increase safety by minutes.

Automation

The FACP integrates fire suppression methods such as sprinklers and gas-based suppression with the FACPs to ensure flames do not spread to other corners of the building. For example, when the FACP identifies any suspicious activity, it can activate the water sprinkler within 30-60 seconds of detection, decreasing the smoke and heat formed around that area of the building.

Evacuation

Modern area safety requirements include a POS (Point of Safety) system for indicating building exits, combined with building features such as emergency lighting elevators and ventilation systems, and fire dampers stop airflow through the HVAC system. This combination allows occupants to safely move away from the building.

These sophisticated processes further elucidate the crucial role of the FACP in formulating a unified and strategic course of action against fire risks. Recent improvements in FACPs have also added IoT capabilities, allowing devices to be diagnosed remotely and monitored in a central location. This improves the initiation of alarms, further protecting occupants and property.

Role of Alarm Signals in Evacuation

In emergencies, having utterance means the sole purpose of ensuring an orderly evacuation during a fire, which is one of the most vital instruments. They are usually pre-prepared to alert the occupants, thus allowing them some time to get to safety. Currently, fire alarm apparatuses include voice and tone alarms, such as sirens, voice commands, evacuation orders, and strobe lights, in order to ensure maximum effect. The use of T3 Temporal Fixed Signaling coupled with voices and Emergency instructions has been shown to increase the response to INIVAC cues, thus indicating the importance of evacuation to be sustained as L20N. Violent construction or buildings with multiethnic groups are the complexities of Time Taken to Evacuate.

Outcomes-based approaches have established that the provision of alarm signals managed by integration into building management systems has increased evacuations by over twenty percent. Moreover, fire alarms with addressable systems have the potential of identifying with great accuracy zones within an Active Zone, enabling precision during evacuation orders – equally useful during high-density occupancy such as arms shopping mall. Other investigators have also found that patients prone to hearing problems can reduce the time taken to evacuate in such cases by up to 30 percent. With these innovations, mute alarm signals are such that the aged people and disabled people, including both the ambulant and non-ambulant, can even manage active egress.

Nowadays, signaling alarm systems are accompanied by IoT technology, allowing the alarm system to adapt and integrate to real-time situations and changing dynamics. An example of this synthesis would be mobile notifications fused with dynamic evacuation maps that inform building users of the best exits when there is a fire, considering the overgrowth of the fire or inaccessible places. This incorporation also emphasizes how advanced signal systems contribute significantly to the protection of individual lives during emergencies.

Activating Fire Suppression Systems

In order to ensure the protection of property and precious lives, more contemporary modern fire suppression mechanisms are developed to detect and effectively suppress fires within the shortest span. Such mechanisms use automated activation devices powered by heat and smoke or flame sensors, optimally performing even in unoccupied places. Common suppression mediums such as water, chemical agents, foam, or inert gases can be specially tailored for distinct environments. For instance, sprinkler systems that use water as the suppressing medium are effective in residential and commercial structures. In contrast, inert gas systems are developed for data and web hosting centers where water is likely to damage the equipment.

Lately, available data illustrates that these systems are good since other research shows that deaths as a result of sprinklers only have a decrease of roughly 87%. Damage to properties can have the same decrease of up to 68% if the system is properly working. It is possible today to use novel sprinkler systems that cooperate with fire alarms. As a result, when such alarms are activated, these systems will engage with sprinklers in particular areas that need them, thus avoiding deploying sprinklers in areas that won’t require them. Additionally, intelligent suppression technologies now incorporate IoT-based monitoring.

Also, the use of eco-friendly suppression agents, such as clean agents like FM-200 or NOVEC 1230, is becoming popular. These agents work very well for suppressing and extinguishing a fire without leaving any residue and without affecting the ambient environment to a great extent, hence their applicability in delicate environments is ideal. As technology continues to progress, so does the evolution of fire suppression systems, which are in synchrony with the current alarm signal technologies. All these improvements serve in the form of sophisticated fire-fighting strategies for the protection of people and buildings.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. What is the purpose of a FACP, and how does it function?

A. FACP centers, monitors, and manages the various devices linked to it, such as a fire alarm system, smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual pull stations. It registers signals from the aforementioned initiating device. When a fire is detected, it broadcasts a call to warn all of the building’s residents as well as the fire department or the monitoring company.

Q. What is the distinguishing characteristic of an addressable fire alarm control panel against a traditional panel?

A. The fire alarm control panel system can be addressable, which means that every device interconnected within the system can be distinctly recognized; this assists greatly in identifying the location during a fire. In contrast, a conventional panel splits the building into zones and reports the alarm condition for the zone rather than a single point within the zone.

Q: What types of alarms can an alarm panel display?

A: A fire alarm panel displays a variety of alarm types, including a fire alarm, trouble alarm, and supervisory alarm. A Fire alarm is activated if it detects a fire. In contrast, a trouble alarm is activated in case there is an issue with the system, for instance, a ground fault, and a supervisory alarm checks the fire-protecting mechanisms in place, like water sprinkler systems in the building.

Q: In what ways does an alarm panel’s security system interact with a fire alarm panel?

A: Using a fire alarm panel on a building security system greatly enhances the general safety of the building. For instance, when fire alarms are triggered, the fire system can execute extra control operations, such as releasing a locked access control system and enabling the swiftly needed evacuation of the building.

Q: What assistance do monitoring companies provide to a Fire alarm System?

A: A monitoring firm receives the signals the fire alarm panel sends once the alarm condition is set. They control the communication to the fire department or to any other required service in case a response to a fire is needed.

Q: How do fire alarm systems contribute towards fire safety in a building?

A: Fire alarm systems play an essential role in laying out the fire safety protocol for the building, and this inevitably assists its occupants in a smooth evacuation during a fire breakout. Furthermore, it is necessary for building managers to know that all of the fire protection systems are in order and that they are by the set regulations.

Q: What happens when the manual pull station is activated?

A: In essence, activating a manual pull station sends a signal to the fire alarm system’s control panel, which then initiates the sound of the fire alarm devices in the entire building. This alarm warns everyone inside to leave the premises while informing the fire responders or their monitoring company of the fire alarm activation.

Q: Does a fire alarm panel identify all the potential fire threats within a building?

A: A fire alarm panel, like any mechanism, has limitations as it is connected with smoke detectors and heat detectors, so it will not be able to monitor every potential threat, notably, additional systems do exist that monitor certain dangers. Regular maintenance and testing of fire alarm systems are essential since they are tailored to meet the requirements of the structure.

Q: Fire alarm control panel actions: Trouble signal on the display?

A: If the display on the fire alarm control panel shows a trouble signal, something within the device that is malfunctioning (such as a device or wiring) exists. In order to maintain the integrity and functionality of the fire alarm system, the issue must be investigated and remedied on time.

Reference Sources

1. Recommendations for use and standardizing requirements of IoT-based applications for Fire Alarm Control Panels Systems: A literature review.

  • Authors: Fikri Nizar Gustiyana, R. Munadi, N. Karna, I. K. A. Enriko
  • Published: November 8, 2023
  • Conference: 2023 29th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT)
  • Key Findings: This research recommends standardizing Internet of Things (IoT) applications for Fire Alarm Control Panels (FACP). It recommends using multiple power sources and more than one internet connection for redundancy and using the MQTT data transmission protocol for good communication. The control panel is described as one of the most important devices that help to monitor different fire detection components, issue alarm messages, and carry out other functions related to fire protection.
  • Methodology: The authors performed a literature analysis on the topics supporting the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem from an architecture perspective, Irrespective of the type of IoT parts being FACP devices, LAN, platforms, and applications capable of upgrading the efficiency and dependability of fire alarm systems (Gustiyana et al., 2023, pp. 1–6).

2. Technical Study for Recommendations IoT Standardization in Fire Alarm Control Panel Systems

  • Authors: Not specified
  • Published: 2024
  • Journal: Journal of Communications
  • Summary: The Research investigates recent IoT technologies that can manifest in fire alarm control panels and proposes certain technical and business criteria for the constitution of the panel functionalities such as alarm status, device status, system health monitoring, etc.
  • Approach: The work describes literature and norms concerning IoT in fire warning systems and suggests improvements in the interface of the control panels, intending to enhance their usability and effectiveness in emergencies (“Technical Study for Recommendations IoT Standardization in Fire Alarm Control Panel Systems,” 2024).

3. Reliability Assessment of Photoelectric Smoke Detectors, Ionization Smoke Detectors and a Control Panel that Uses Both Detectors as a Notification Device

  • Authors: Not specified
  • Published: December 30, 2019
  • Journal: International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
  • Key Findings: This work relies on previous work on determining the reliability of smoke detectors with various panels integrated into them and the panels themselves being standalone fire alarm control panels. It also examines the need for proper information and notifications on the control panel and its importance in dealing fires.
  • Methodology: The work described was an integrated postconstruction monitoring study that included reliability of electronic parts in smoke detectors and consolidated with fire alarm control panels, their integration during and after the event of fire(“Reliability Assessment of Photoelectric Smoke Detector, Ionization Smoke Detector and a Fire Alarm Control Panel with Both Detectors AS Notification Device,” 2019).

4. Fire alarm control panel

Dadao Electric Co.,Ltd

Dadao (DDKJ), located in Shanghai, China, is a company that designs and manufactures intelligent systems for electric power distribution automation at high and low voltages. They make such things as energy meters, switchgear devices and industrial automation products which are used across different sectors like power, mining and petrochemicals. DDKJ seeks to provide solutions that work with the help of their global partners by being innovative, producing goods of high quality and offering customer support.

 

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